 15-02-2008 | #1 (mesaj-linki) | |
|  Turkish ArmyTurkish Army Turkey is located in the Center of the Caucasus, Middle East and the Balkans which are the most unstable regions in the World. Therefore the defense policy is designed to preserve and protect the national independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity and vital interests of the country. The Turkish Armed Forces missions and responsibilities are clearly stated in the Constitution and determined by laws as to react against new security problems and crises in the new century, to be ready to face the uncertainties, and to ensure the security of Turkey against internal and external risks. Military service in Turkey is compulsory for all male citizens between 20 - 41 years of age (with some exceptions such as handicapped, or mentally ill, or not healthy people). Women are allowed only to become officers choosing it as a career enrolling in military schools and not as conscripts. Those men who are 20 years of age but still continue their higher education at Universities or vocational training programs are allowed to postpone their draft until they have completed these programs. The duration of the basic military service varies: 15 months for privates (elementary or high school graduates), 12 months for reserve officers (University graduates), and 6 months for short-term privates (those who have earned a university degree and have not been enlisted as reserve officers). For Turkish citizens who have lived or worked abroad for at least 3 years, a basic military training of 3 weeks is offered instead of the full-term military service if they pay a certain fee in foreign currency (was 10.000 old German Marks, equal to 5.112 Euros of today). Also in times when the General Staff assesses that the military reserve exceeds the required amount, paid military service of 1 month basic training is established for local citizens. After the 1999 earthquake, an exception was made and paid military service was accepted that year to help the economy using the collected money in reconstruction and rehabilitation of the cities suffered during that horrible earthquake of August 17th. All Land, Naval and Air forces are connected to the Turkish General Staff, Gendarmerie forces are connected to the Land forces, and Coast Guard is connected to the Naval forces. The Chief of General Staff (General Yasar Buyukanit since August 2006, succeeding General Hilmi Ozkok) is appointed by the President as Commander of the Armed Forces and is responsible to the Prime Minister. His office is coordinated with the Ministry of Defense who is also responsible to the Premiere. The Council of Ministers is responsible to Turkish Grand National Assembly for national security and the preparation of the Armed Forces to defend the country. However, authority to declare a state of war and send Turkish Armed Forces to foreign countries or allow foreign armed forces to be stationed in Turkey rests with Turkish Grand National Assembly (TBMM). Land Forces are organized into; 4 Corps Command (1st Army in Marmara area, 2nd Army in the Southeast, 3rd Army in the Northeast, Aegean Army in the Aegean region), Land Forces Training & Doctrine Command, and Land Forces Logistic Command. The country is divided into four military sectors on the basis of strategic conditions of terrain, logistics, communications, and the potential external threat. These sectors are assigned to four field armies, the first three of which would come under NATO command in the event of a NATO reinforced alert. The First Army has its headquarters in Istanbul and is widely deployed in the European part of Turkey. Their responsibility is to defend Istanbul, Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits, and Kocaeli Peninsula. The Second Army has its headquartered in Malatya and is deployed in southeastern Anatolia with a defensive mission facing Syria, Iraq, and Iran. The Third Army has its headquarters in Erzincan and is deployed in eastern Anatolia, covering the borders with Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan from the east and northeast. For the Armed Forces readiness against any possible crisis in the area (such as during Persian Gulf War and Iraqi War), most of the armored, mechanized, and commando brigades are located in the central region in order to act rapidly into any scenario around our borders. The Aegean Army (or 4th Army) has its headquarter in Izmir and was established in mid-1970s against growing tensions with Greece in the Aegean Sea. Their responsibility is to defend the Aegean coast from the Dardanelles to the north down to Cyprus, and keeping sea routes and communication lines open in the Aegean. The Turkish peace corps on Cyprus are connected to the Aegean Army command structure. Turkish Land Forces are composed by; 4 field armies, 10 army corps, 2 mechanized infantry division, 2 mechanized infantry division headquarters (tactical), 1 infantry division and 1 training division, 14 mechanized infantry brigades, 14 armored brigades, 12 infantry/regional security brigades, 5 commando brigades, and 5 training brigades. Turkish Naval Forces are composed by; 13 submarines, 20 frigates, 21 fast patrol boats, 21 mine sweepers or hunters or layers, 52 various landing ships, 23 various maritime patrol aircraft or helicopters, and amphibious brigade. Navy's subordinate commands are; Fleet Command, Northern Sea Area Command, and Naval Training and Education Command. Turkish Air Forces are composed by; 19 combat squadrons, 2 reconnaissance squadrons, 5 training squadrons, 6 transportation squadrons, 1 tanker squadron, and 8 surface to air missile (SAM) squadrons. These units are organized into; 2 tactical air forces (1st TAF HQ in Eskisehir and 2nd TAF HQ in Diyarbakir), 2 main air transport bases, tanker base, air training, and air logistics commands. After US Air Forces, Turkish Air Forces have the most number of F-16 aircraft in the world. Turkish Air Forces can participate in exercises conducted overseas flying non-stop thanks to their in-air refueling capability with tanker planes. History Turks had been always good soldiers since the times of the Turkic States and during the Seljuk and Ottoman periods. Especially during the Ottomans, the famous Janissaries were feared by all Europeans. But towards the end of the Ottoman Empire a new army had to be found because the defeat of its allies determined the end of the Empire, with the country being invaded and its army disarmed. The last major battle of the Turkish Army was in early 1920's under the command of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk during the Turkish independence war after World War I. Between 1920-1923 the Army had to fight against Russian and Armenian militaries on the Eastern front, against Italian, French, and British militaries on the Southern front, and against Greek military on the western front. Gallipoli War was one of the most dramatic and heroic one amongst all. During World War II Turkey managed to stay neutral and thus the Army did not participate in any conflict until the Korean War (1950�1953). Turkey participated to this war with an infantry brigade to fight solely for humanitarian purposes and for the ideal of UN, gaining the appreciation of the world. 731 Turkish soldiers were killed in action (KIA) in Korea. Turkey joined NATO on 18th of February 1952, and Allied Land Forces Southeastern Europe (LANDSOUTHEAST) was established same year in IzmirTurkey has made a contribution of US$ 340 million to the NATO Infrastructure Fund since she has joined the NATO Infrastructure Program in 1953. In return, Turkey has received a share of nearly US$ 5.2 billion from the NATO infra funds. Today the number of NATO members reached from the original 12 to 26 (Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States). (JCSE - Joint Command Southeast today). To date, On July 20th, 1974, Turkey had to intervene to Cyprus as one of the peace Guarantor Powers (Turkey, Greece, Britain) on the Island according to International Treaties of 1958 in Zurich and 1959 in London, to end a coup sponsored by Greek paramilitary group EOKA (Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston, National Organization of Freedom Fighters) and still continues to maintain military presence there with the Cyprus Turkish Peace Forces connected to the Aegean Army. The Turkish army has been engaged in a conflict with the separatist and terrorist groups since the early 1980s, mainly concentrated in southeastern Turkey. Especially the 1st Commando Brigade based in Kayseri, the 2nd Commando Brigade based in Bolu, and the Amphibious Marine Brigade (3rd Commando Brigade) based in Foca/Izmir were deployed there for the fights and they were awarded with the "Distinguished Courage Medal of the Turkish Armed Forces". After Korean War, Turkey has taken part in many Peace Support Operations joint with NATO for the regional and global peace, both military and un-military operations:
Turkish Armed Forces are greater than those of France and Britain combined, with 514,000 men under arms and 380,000 in reserve, plus a robust air force with American fighters. Actually, it's the 2nd largest standing force in NATO after the United States, and 8th biggest number of active troops in the world. In peace time, Turkish Armed Forces are ready to perform Disaster Relief Operations as was in recent earthquakes in Marmara Region. After August 17, 1999 Earthquake, Turkish Armed Forces improved its capabilities on specialized Search And Rescue (SAR) missions in order to better cope with large scale natural disasters. See also : Turkish Naval Forces (video) Turkish Land Forces (video) Turkish Air Forces (video) | |
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| 19-04-2009 | #2 (mesaj-linki) | |
| Military History of Turkey Military History of Turkey The military history of Turkey is the history of modern Armed forces established under Republic of Turkey beginning with the Turkish War of Independence. War of Independence The Turkish revolutionaries rejected the Treaty of Sèvres (1920), which had left the Ottoman government in control of substantially less of Anatolia than modern Turkey controls. Following the victory of Atatürk's forces in the War of Independence, the Treaty of Sèvres was substituted with the Treaty of Lausanne (1923), which granted international recognition to the government of Ankara, rather than the Ottoman government in Istanbul. World War II World War II broke out in the first year of the İsmet İnönü presidency, and both the Allies and the Axis started to put pressure on Inönü to bring Turkey into the war on their respective sides. The Germans sent Franz von Papen to Ankara, while Winston Churchill secretly met with Inönü inside a train wagon near Adana on January 30, 1943. Inönü later met with Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill at the Second Cairo Conference on December 4-6, 1943. Turkey remained neutral until the final stages of World War II and tried to maintain an equal distance between both the Axis and the Allies until February 1945, when Turkey entered the war on the side of the Allies against Germany and Japan. Until 1941, both Roosevelt and Churchill thought that continued Turkish neutrality would serve the interests of the Allies by blocking the Axis from reaching the strategic oil reserves of the Middle East. But the early victories of the Axis up to the end of 1942 caused Roosevelt and Churchill to re-evaluate a possible Turkish participation in the war on the side of the Allies. Turkey had maintained a decently-sized Army and Air Force throughout the war, and Churchill wanted the Turks to open a new front in the Balkans. Roosevelt, on the other hand, still believed that a Turkish attack would be too risky, and an eventual Turkish failure would have disastrous effects for the Allies. Inönü knew very well the hardships which his country had suffered during 11 years of incessant war between 1911 and 1922 and was determined to keep Turkey out of another war as long as he could. Inönü also wanted assurances on financial and military aid for Turkey, as well as a guarantee that the United States and the United Kingdom would stand beside Turkey in case of a Soviet invasion of the Turkish Straits after the war.  Turkish War of Independence Korean War During the Cold War, Turkey participated in the Korean War as a member state of the United Nations, suffering 731 deaths in combat. The fear of a Soviet invasion and Stalin's unconcealed desire to control the Turkish Straits eventually led Turkey to give up its principle of neutrality in foreign relations and join NATO on February 18, 1952. Following NATO membership the Turkey initiated a comprehensive modernization program for its Armed Forces. Cyprus In July 1974, the Turkish Armed Forces intervened against a coup in Cyprus, organized by EOKA-B and led by Nikos Sampson who ousted the democratically elected Cypriot President Archbishop Makarios III in order to establish Enosis (Union) between Greece and Cyprus. The coup was backed by the Greek military junta in Athens. The conflict in Cyprus lasted until August 1974 and resulted in the de-facto division of the island between the Turkish Cypriot controlled north and the Greek Cypriot controlled south. Turkey still maintains troops in Cyprus, since a political solution could not yet be achieved, and since many members of the Turkish Cypriot community fear a return to the intercommunal violence which occurred between 1963 and 1974. A referendum in 2004 for the Annan Plan which aimed at reunifying the island was supported by the Turkish Cypriots, but rejected by the Greek Cypriots, on the pretext that it gave too many rights and political power to the Turkish Cypriots who make up 1/5 of the island's population.  Map of Cyprus showing political divisions Recent Towards the end of the 1980s, a restructuring and modernization process has been initiated by the Turkish Armed Forces, which still continues today. The final goal of Turkey is to produce indigenous military equipment and to become increasingly self-sufficient in terms of military technologies. | |
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| 19-04-2009 | #3 (mesaj-linki) | |
| Turkish Armed Forces (TAF) Turkish Armed Forces (TAF) Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri Turkish Armed Forces seal
The Chief of General Staff of the Turkish Armed Forces (TAF) since August 4, 2008 is General İlker Başbuğ. After becoming a member of the NATO Alliance on 18 February 1952, Turkey initiated a comprehensive modernization program for its Armed Forces. Towards the end of the 1980s, a second restructuring process was initiated. The TAF, with a combined troop strength of 1,054,750 soldiers, is the second largest standing force in NATO (after the United States). Currently, up to 36,700 troops may be stationed in the north of Cyprus as part of the Cyprus Turkish Peace Force. Advocates of the European Union as a superpower have predicted that the addition of the Turkish Armed Forces into the EU Military Framework will enable it to be a true global player. The TAF already participates in European Union battlegroups under control of the European Council, as a part of the Italian-Romanian-Turkish Battlegroup, which will be on standby for duty during June–December 2010. It also contributes operational staff to the Eurocorps multinational army corps initiative of the EU and NATO. NATO officials also state that the modern day Turkish Armed Forces are "very experienced and well-trained". History Foundation of the Republic of Turkey The Turkish Army has its foundations in remnant Ottoman forces inherited after the fall of the Ottoman Empire at the end of World War I. The rise of Turkish nationalism in Anatolia, under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, led eventually to victory in the Turkish War of Independence, and subsequently to the founding of the Republic of Turkey, at which time these remnant forces were reorganized into the Turkish Army. World War II Turkey remained neutral until the final stages of World War II, and tried to maintain an equal distance between both the Axis and the Allies. However, at the Second Cairo Conference in 1943, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill and İsmet İnönü reached an agreement on issues regarding Turkey's possible contribution to the Allies, and it was decided that Turkey should maintain her neutrality and thus block the Axis from reaching the strategic oil reserves of the Middle East. Even though Turkey never fought against the Axis, the Turkish Armed Forces were fully mobilized and remained on alert throughout the war, ready to confront a possible invasion after the Axis forces took control of neighbouring Bulgaria and Greece. Korean War In 1950 Turkey participated in the Korean War as a member state of the United Nations and suffered 731 deaths in combat. Turkey became a member of NATO on February 18, 1952, and initiated a comprehensive modernization program for its Armed Forces. Invasion of Cyprus On 20 July 1974, the Turkish armed forces launched an invasion of Cyprus on the pretext of a coup which had been staged by the Cypriot National Guard against president Makarios III with the intention of annexing the island to Greece, but the invasion ended up with Turkey occupying a considerable area on the north part of it and establishing a government on it that only Turkey recognizes. The invasion came after more than a decade of sporadic intercommunal violence between the island's Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots resulting from the constitutional breakdown of 1963. Turkey invoked its role as a guarantor under the 1960 Treaty of Guarantee in justification for it. Turkish forces invaded the island in two waves, occupying 37% of the island's territory in the north-east. The operation led to the widespread displacement of Cyprus' ethnic communities, dividing the island between a Turkish Cypriot north and Greek Cypriot south. In the aftermath, Turkish Cypriots declared a separate political entity in the form of the Turkish Federative State of Cyprus and by 1983 made a unilateral declaration of independence as the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, which was recognised only by Turkey. The United Nations continues to recognize the sovereignty of the Republic of Cyprus according to the terms of its independence in 1960. The conflict continues to overshadow Turkish relations with Greece and with the European Union. Campaign against PKK Beginning in the 1980s the Turkish armed forces have been involved in a protracted campaign against native PKK terrorists. In the course of that campaign which has involved frequent forays into neighbouring Iraq many Kurdish rural communities were uprooted in an effort to limit the PKK's base of logistical support. These actions by the TAF had resulted by the mid-1990s in more than 3,000 Kurdish villages being deserted while according to official figures 378,335 Kurdish people had been displaced and rendered homeless. Over 50.000 Turkish citizens were killed including both sides of the conflict. Modernization Towards the end of the 1980s, a restructuring and modernization process valued at US$ 160 billion was initiated by the Turkish Armed Forces, and continues today. The final goal of Turkey is to produce new generation indigenous military equipment and to become increasingly self-sufficient in terms of military technologies.  Turkish T-155 self-propelled Howiters Duties and Defense Doctrine Turkey is located in a vitally important and challenging region with various political regimes, religions, economic systems and military powers. Due to its strategic position surrounded by the Black, Aegean and the Mediterranean Seas, as well as the Balkans, the Caucasus and the Middle East, it is a focal point where international geostrategic lines and routes of the three continents of the Old World (Europe, Asia and Africa) intersect. Turkey, which controls the Turkish Straits, is also well positioned to control the Suez Canal and consequently the maritime traffic in the region. Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia are the shortest land and air transport routes to the vast energy resources in the Middle East. Radical changes are taking place in the region around Turkey, and these changes bring great challenges with them. While the uncertainties in the content and duration of these changes continue, Turkey stands firm as an element of stability in the region. In this environment of uncertainty, the threat to the security of Turkey is no longer comprised solely of the various regimes and military powers in the region, but also of political, economic and social instabilities, border disputes, struggles of power and terrorism. In addition to the regional crises, the Turkish Armed Forces must -based on political decisions- also be prepared to respond to the crises which pose a threat to global peace. Strictly adhering to Atatürk’s principle, "Peace at Home, Peace in the World", the Armed Forces of the Republic of Turkey is determined not to pursue any aggressive intentions, but will take action when the independence of the Turkish state and the security and honour of the Turkish nation will be attacked; in parallel with the common ideals of international organizations and treaties of which Turkey is a member and signatory. As a member of the NATO Alliance, the Republic of Turkey has ensured an increased sense of security to her allies and has contributed to the protection of global peace as well. Turkey continues to cooperate with NATO countries in the field of defense and fully supports the initiatives towards global disarmament and arms control. In this context, Turkey is committed to a global disarmament plan that is realized under an effective control mechanism, which does not adversely affect the security of any nation. In an environment full of hot conflicts, Turkey, having great importance as the last link within the NATO defense chain, must have a powerful national defense capability and a strong Army that's ready to effectively react against potential dangers. The main elements of the Turkish Defense Doctrine are the determination for national defense, NATO solidarity and loyalty to the Turkish Armed Forces. The Armed Forces of the Republic of Turkey comprises the Army, Navy and Air Force which are subordinate to the Turkish General Staff. The General Command of Gendarmerie and the Coast Guard Command, which operate as part of the internal security forces in peacetime, are subordinate to the Land and Naval Forces Commands, respectively, in wartime. The Chief of General Staff is the Commander of the Armed Forces. In wartime, he acts as the Commander in Chief on behalf of the President. Commanding the Armed Forces and establishing the policies and programs related with the preparation for combat of personnel, intelligence, operations, organization, training and logistic services are the responsibilities of the Turkish General Staff. Furthermore, the Turkish General Staff coordinates the military relations of the Turkish Armed Forces with NATO member states and other friendly nations.  | |
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| 19-04-2009 | #4 (mesaj-linki) | |
| Turkish Air Force Turkish Air Force Turkish Air Force / Türk Hava Kuvvetleri  Seal of the Turkish Air Force History Founding years The roots of the TuAF date back to June 1909 when the Ottoman Air Force was founded. The Ottoman Air Force participated in the Balkan Wars (1912-1913) and the First World War (1914-1918). With the end of the First World War and the occupation of the Ottoman Empire by the Allies in 1919, the Ottoman Air Force was reduced to nothing more than a department. All personnel, including pilots and teachers, were either relieved of duty or disbanded, and all Air Force governmental buildings were closed. Some optimistic Turks tried to build new units in Istanbul, İzmir, Konya, Elazığ and Diyarbakır with planes left over from the First World War and tried to bring together flight personnel, but were unsuccessful. The Ottoman Air Force was closed by the Ottoman Ministry of War and all personnel were formally discharged. The Ottoman pilots were thus left without planes and proper assistance and the period of Ottoman military aviation ended. During the Turkish War of Independence, Turkish pilots joined the Konya Hava Istasyonu (Konya Air Station). With the opening of the Grand National Assembly in 1920 in Ankara and the reorganization of an ordered Army, the Kuva-yı Havaiye (Air Force) bound to the Harbiye Dairesi (Ministry of War bound to the TBMM) was established. A few damaged aircraft belonging to the Grand National Assembly were repaired, and afterwards used in combat. In 1921, the Hava Kuvvetleri (Kuva-yı Havaiye) Şubesi air force section was renamed as Hava Kuvvetleri Genel Müdürlüğü, or the Air Force General Command.  Turkish pilots during the War of Independence (1919-1922) 1923-1940 After the proclamation of independence and sovereignty with the Treaty of Lausanne and the establishment of the Republic of Turkey by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in 1923, approaches were made to form a modern Air Force. Originally consisting of 3 normal and 1 naval aviation units, and an Air Force Academy, the number of units was increased to 10 normal and 3 naval aviation units. Starting in 1924, personnel were sent abroad for flight education. In 1925 the Air Force Academy was reestablished in Eskişehir and its first students graduated in that same year. The Air Force was reorganized in 1928 and new schools were found for non-pilot personnel. Additional to the personnel sent to England and France, other personnel were sent to the USA and Italy in 1930. In 1933 the Air Force became independent and trained its own personnel. The blue uniforms worn by the Air Force were established in 1933. In 1934 the first Turkish airplanes were produced in Kayseri. Still in 1934 the Türkkuşu (Turkishbird) aviation and parachute society was established, and in 1936 Sabiha Gökçen joined the Turkish Air Force - she became the world's first female combat pilot in 1937. Throughout her career in the Turkish Air Force, Gökçen flew 22 different types of aircraft for more than 8000 hours, 32 hours of which were active combat and bombardment missions.She was selected as the only female pilot for the poster of "The 20 Greatest Aviators in History" prepared by the USAF in 1996. Another key event in 1937 was the establishment of the Hava Harp Akademisi (Air War Academy).  Turkish Air Force pilots in 1933 1940 - Present By 1940, Turkish Air Force had more than 500 combat aircraft in its inventory, becoming the largest Air Force on the Balkans and the Middle East. The growing inventory of the Air Force required another structural change, which was made in 1940. The Air Force under the Milli Savunma Bakanlığı (Ministry of National Defense) for logistical affairs and the General Staff for educational affairs were united to form the Hava Kuvvetleri Komutanlığı (Air Force Command). Thus, the Air Force became a separate branch of the Turkish Armed Forces. The first commander-in-chief was General Zeki Doğan. Even though Turkey did not enter the Second World War on the side of the Allies until February 1945 (in accordance with the agreements made during the Second Cairo Conference), the Turkish Armed Forces went on full alert and was prepared for war following the military alliance between neighbouring Bulgaria and the Axis Powers which was in essence established with the Treaty of Craiova in September 1940 and formalized in March 1941, and the occupation of neighbouring Greece by the Axis Powers in April 1941. Within a year, Turkey's borders were surrounded by German forces in the northwest and west, and Italian forces in the southwest. Turkish Air Force made daily reconnaissance flights over Bulgaria, Greece, the Greek Islands in the Aegean Sea, and the Dodecanese Islands which then belonged to Italy, for controlling the positions of the Axis forces. The large cities in western Turkey were darkened at nights, and anti-aircraft guns, aided by spot lights, controlled the skies for possible enemy planes. A war economy was imposed, and basic commodities including food and bread were rationed in preparation for the worst-case scenario. Almost all available money in the Turkish Government Treasury was used to purchase new weapons from any available provider in the world. Turkish Air Force received large numbers of new aircraft in this period, including Supermarine Spitfire Mk.I/V/IX/XIX, Curtiss Falcon CW-22R/B, Fairey Battle-I, Avro Anson-I, Hawker Hurricane I/II, Morane Saulnier MS-406, Curtiss P-40 Tomahawk, Curtiss P-40 Kittyhawk, Westland Lysander-I, Consolidated Liberator 3B-24D, Bristol Blenheim IV/V, Bristol Beaufort, Bristol Beaufighter Mk.I/X, Focke Wulf FW-190-A3, Martin Baltimore-187, De Havilland DH-98 Mk.III/IV, B-26B/C Invader, P-47D Thunderbolt and C-47A/B Dakota. The Hava Teknik Okullar Komutanlığı (Air Force Technical School Command) was founded in 1950 to unite schools responsible for training non-pilot Air Force personnel. In 1950 it also was decided to upgrade the Air Force fleet through the inclusion of jets. Eight pilots were sent to the USA to receive flight education. They graduated in 1951 and started training jet-pilots in the Turkish Air Force. In the same year, the 9th Fighter Wing (9uncu Ana Jet Üssü) was founded in Balıkesir as Turkey's first fighter wing; the 191st, 192nd, and 193rd squadrons being the first ones which were established. Further training in the United States followed, usually involving jet manufacturers. In the Korean War, Turkish pilots were assigned with reconnaissance missions. Upon Turkey's inclusion in NATO in 1952, the process of modernization was accelerated. In 1956 the Hava Eğitim Kolordu Komutanlığı (Air Education Corps Command) was founded and all education was united under this command. The command was renamed as Hava Eğitim Komutanlığı (Air Education Command) in 1957. In 1962 the Taktik Hava Kuvveti (Tactical Air Force) was founded by upgrading the Hava Tümens (an air unit) to a corps-level organization. In 1974 the Air Force was employed in the Cyprus War. With the arrival of 3rd generation fighter jets in 1980, the Air Force was reorganized. The Turkish Air Force took part in the Operation Deliberate Force of 1995 and Operation Allied Force of 1999, and later participated in the UN peacekeeping mission in Bosnia-Herzegovina, employing two squadrons (one in the Ghedi fighter wing, and after 2000 one in the Aviano fighter wing). They returned to Turkey in 2001. In 2006, 4 Turkish F-16 fighter jets were deployed for NATO's Baltic Air Policing operation. Modernization projects Combat aircraft In 1984 the Turkish Aerospace Industries (TAI) was established and Turkey started to locally produce fighter aircraft under license; including a total of 232 F-16 Fighting Falcon (Block 30/40/50) aircraft for the Turkish Air Force. The TuAF had previously received 8 F-16s that were directly purchased from the United States, bringing the number of total F-16s received by the Turkish Air Force to 240. TAI is currently building 30 new F-16 Block 50+ aircraft for the TuAF and is applying a CCIP upgrade on the existing fleet of Block 30/40/50 F-16s, which will bring all of them to the Block 50+ standard.Dozens of TAI-built F-16s were also exported to other countries, particularly in the Middle East. A total of 46 TAI-built F-16s have been exported to the Egyptian Air Force under the Peace Vector IV Program (1993-1995), making it TAI's second-largest F-16 customer after the Turkish Air Force. Turkey is one of only five countries in the world which locally produce the F-16 Fighting Falcon. The Turkish Armed Forces has initiated a $160 billion (excluding the yearly military budget) modernization program in 1997. $45 billion is earmarked to go to the overhaul of the Turkish Air Force. As part of this program, Ankara aims to commission new combat aircraft (consisting of F-16 CCIP Block 50+, F-35 Lightning II and possibly also the Eurofighter Typhoon) and helicopters (consisting of heavy lift, attack, medium lift and light general purpose helicopters). On July 11, 2002 Turkey became a Level 3 partner of the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) development program, and on January 25, 2007, Turkey officially joined the production phase of the JSF program, agreeing to initially purchase 116 F-35A Lightning II aircraft.  F-16 fighter jets from various Turkish Air Force squadrons  Turkey signed a memorandum of understanding to order an initial batch of 116 F-35A Lightning II Aerial refueling tanker aircraft n 1994 the Turkish Air Force leased two KC-135R Stratotanker aircraft from the United States, and signed a deal to purchase seven KC-135R-CRAG Stratotanker aerial refueling tanker aircraft. Following the arrival of all seven purchased aircraft, the two leased KC-135Rs were returned back to the United States. The KC-135R-CRAG Stratotanker aerial refueling tanker aircraft of the Turkish Air Force are operated by the 101st Squadron, stationed at the Incirlik Air Base. Turkey is also a partner nation in the Airbus A400M program. Although the A400M is essentially a heavy tactical lift aircraft, it can also be transformed into a tanker aircraft for aerial refueling at short notice. The TuAF has ordered a total of ten A400M aircraft.  A TuAF KC-135R-CRAG Stratotanker refueling F-16s Airborne Early Warning & Control (AEW&C) aircraft A total of four Boeing 737 AEW&C MESA Peace Eagle aircraft (together with ground support systems) were ordered by the Turkish Air Force, with an option for two more aircraft. Turkish Aerospace Industries (TAI) is the primary subcontractor for the Peace Eagle parts production, aircraft modification, assembly and tests. Another subcontractor, Havelsan, is responsible for system analysis and software support. Peace Eagle 1 is modified and tested by Boeing Integrated Defense Systems in Seattle, WA, USA. Peace Eagle 2, 3 and 4 are modified and tested at the facilities of TAI in Ankara, Turkey, with the participation of Boeing and a number of Turkish companies. As of 2006, the four Peace Eagle airplanes were scheduled to be delivered in 2008. As of mid-2007, systems integration was ongoing and airworthiness certification works continued. In September 2007, Boeing completed the first test flight of Turkey's AEW&C 737. On 4 June 2008, it was announced that Turkish Aerospace Industries completed the first in-country modification of a Boeing 737-700 into an Airborne Early Warning and Control (AEW&C) platform for Turkey’s Peace Eagle program.  The first TuAF Boeing 737 AEW&C MESA in Seattle Satellites Turkey plans to acquire new military/intelligence satellites in the short term. These include a 0.8m resolution reconnaissance satellite (Project Göktürk-1) for use by the Turkish Armed Forces and a 2m resolution reconnaissance satellite (Project Göktürk-2) for use by the Turkish National Intelligence Organization. Göktürk-2 is currently being produced by the Turkish Aerospace Industries, while Göktürk-1 is in the tender stage. Some electro-optical parts that are required for the Göktürk-1 (0.8m resolution) satellite are beyond TAI's technological know-how, thus a foreign partner is being sought. The official bidders for the project are EADS-Astrium (U.K.), OHB-System (Germany) and Telespazio (Italy). High altitude ballistic missile defence shield Havelsan of Turkey and Boeing of the United States are in the process of developing a next generation, high altitude ballistic missile defence shield. It is envisaged that the system will be used by the U.S., Turkey and other NATO member states. Operational experience The Turkish Air Force has taken part in numerous battles and operations, including:
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| 19-04-2009 | #5 (mesaj-linki) | |
| Turkish Navy Turkish Navy Türk Deniz Kuvvetleri  Seal of the Turkish Navy The Turkish Navy (Turkish: Türk Deniz Kuvvetleri) is a branch of the Turkish Armed Forces. The Turkish Navy has historically been one of the largest sea powers of the Mediterranean. Following the demise of the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of World War I, and the establishment of the modern Republic of Turkey in 1923 with the victory of Turkish revolutionist forces under Mustafa Kemal Atatürk at the Turkish War of Independence, the Turkish Navy, which inherited the remaining warships of the former Ottoman fleet, underwent a structural reformation and modernization. Today, the Turkish Navy ranks 8th in the world in terms of staff, with 51,000 active personnel; and 3rd largest in Europe in terms of the displacement of the total fleet, with 258,948 tons. Supported by its replenishment ships, the Turkish Navy can participate in international operations and exercises on every major sea and ocean of the world. Submarines can individually navigate up to 15,000 nautical miles (28,000 km) and return back to their home bases.  A Type 209/1200 submarine of the HistoryTurkish Navy at the Bosporus in Istanbul.  MEKO 200 TN type frigates of the Turkish Navy in formation. Ship and submarine classes of the Turkish fleet since 1923 Interwar years During the years of Atatürk's presidency, the major surface combatants of the former Ottoman fleet, including warships like the battlecruiser TCG Yavuz, the pre-dreadnought battleship TCG Turgut Reis, protected cruisers TCG Hamidiye and TCG Mecidiye, light cruisers TCG Berk-i Satvet and TCG Peyk-i Şevket, destroyers TCG Samsun, TCG Bafra and TCG Taşoz, and torpedo boats TCG Burak Reis, TCG Kemal Reis, TCG İsa Reis and TCG Sakız were overhauled, repaired and modernized, while new ships and submarines were acquired. However, the ageing warships inherited from the Ottoman Navy were of questionable value as fighting ships. Nearly all having entered into service before the First World War, advances in naval warfare had left the Turkish Navy badly behind in terms of equipment. To remedy this setback, the Turkish Government embarked on a modernization program. First to be ordered were the two new submarines derived from the German Type UB III and built by the German-owned Dutch shipyard IvS in 1925, being commissioned as the TCG Birinci İnönü and TCG İkinci İnönü in 1928. These were swiftly followed by an order for two Monfalcone class submarines from Italy in 1930, named TCG Sakarya and TCG Dumlupınar, which were commissioned in 1931 after an extremely fast build time. The Navy also ordered four destroyers and three torpedo boats from Italian shipyards; namely the two Adatepe class destroyers (TCG Adatepe and TCG Kocatepe), the two Tınaztepe class destroyers (TCG Tınaztepe and TCG Zafer), and the three torpedo boats (TCG Martı, TCG Denizkuşu and TCG Doğan), which were all commissioned in 1931. The Spanish designed submarine TCG Gür was laid down in 1930 and commissioned in 1936. Atatürk also ordered the Ay class submarines, which were designed by the Krupp Germania Werft of Germany, and built in the shipyards of Istanbul and Gölcük in Turkey. TCG Yıldıray was laid down in 1936, but could be commissioned in 1946 due to the hardships of the Second World War. TCG Saldıray was laid down in 1937 and commissioned in 1939, while TCG Atılay was laid down in 1937 and commissioned in 1940. World War II Following the death of Atatürk in 1938 and during the Second World War years under the presidency of İsmet İnönü, the Turkish Navy purchased the Oruç Reis class submarines which were designed and built by the Vickers Armstrong Shipbuilders in England. TCG Murat Reis and TCG Oruç Reis were laid down in 1939 and commissioned in 1942, while TCG Burak Reis-II was laid down in 1939 and commissioned in 1946. Turkey also purchased four destroyers and two minelayers from England in 1939. The four Demirhisar class destroyers were namely TCG Gayret which was commissioned in 1940; and TCG Demirhisar, TCG Sultanhisar and TCG Muavenet which were commissioned in 1941. Post World War II Immediately after the end of the Second World War and with the declaration of the Truman Doctrine, which was followed a few years later by Turkey's membership to NATO in 1952, the Turkish fleet acquired new warships and submarines from the United States. Four Balao class submarines built by the General Dynamics Electric Boat Company joined the Turkish fleet and were commissioned in 1948. They were given the names of the previous Turkish submarines like TCG Birinci İnönü-II, TCG İkinci İnönü-II, TCG Sakarya-II and TCG Gür-II. These were followed by the three GUPPY class submarines, namely TCG Piri Reis and TCG Hızır Reis which were commissioned in 1960, and TCG Turgut Reis-II which was commissioned in 1973; the GUPPY IA class submarine TCG Dumlupınar-II which was commissioned in 1972, the seven GUPPY IIA class submarines which were commissioned between 1971 and 1973 and named as TCG Burak Reis-III (1971), TCG Uluç Ali Reis (1971), TCG Murat Reis-II (1971), TCG Cerbe (1972), TCG Birinci İnönü-III (1972), TCG Oruç Reis-II (1972) and TCG Preveze (1973); the two GUPPY III class submarines which were commissioned in 1974 and named as TCG Çanakkale and TCG İkinci İnönü-III, and the two Tang class submarines which were commissioned in 1980 and 1983, and named as TCG Piri Reis-II (1980) and TCG Hızır Reis-II (1983). Between 1949 and 1950, four U.S.-built Gleaves class destroyers were acquired; namely TCG Gelibolu (D 360) and TCG Giresun in 1949, and TCG Gaziantep and TCG Gemlik in 1950. In 1959 four British-made M class destroyers joined the fleet, namely TCG Alp Arslan, TCG Kılıç Ali Paşa, TCG Mareşal Fevzi Çakmak and TCG Piyale Paşa. Between 1967 and 1969, a total of five U.S.-built Fletcher class destroyers were acquired by the Turkish Navy; namely the TCG İstanbul (D 340) and TCG İzmir (D 341) in 1967, and the TCG İçel (D 344), TCG İskenderun (D 343) and TCG İzmit (D 342) in 1969. 1970s Starting from 1971, the Turkish Navy acquired a total of ten U.S.-built FRAM I Gearing class destroyers from the United States, namely TCG Adatepe-II (D 353) (1971), TCG Kocatepe-II (D 354) (1971), TCG Tınaztepe-II (D 355) (1972), TCG Gayret-II (D 352) (1973), TCG Mareşal Fevzi Çakmak-II (D 351) (1973), TCG Kocatepe-III (1974), TCG Savaştepe (D 348) (1979), TCG Piyale Paşa-II (D 350) (1980), TCG Kılıç Ali Paşa-II (D 349) (1980) and TCG Yücetepe (D 345) (1982). In 1981 and 1982, two Carpenter class destroyers joined the fleet, namely TCG Anıttepe (D 347) (1981) and TCG Alçıtepe (D 346) (1982). Carpenter class was a modified version of the Gearing class destroyer. Turkish-built frigates TCG Berk (D 358) and TCG Peyk (D 359) joined the fleet in 1971 and 1972, respectively. They were named after the late Ottoman cruisers Berk-i Satvet and Peyk-i Şevket, which also served the fleet of the Turkish Republic in its early years. Still in 1971 and 1972, two U.S.-built Allen M. Sumner class destroyers, TCG Muavenet-II and TCG Zafer-II, were acquired by the Turkish Navy. Type 209 submarines In the early 1970s, the Turkish Navy began ordering the German-designed Type 209 submarines, which were built in Germany and Turkey. Six Atılay class submarines (Type 209/1200) were laid down between 1974 and 1988, and commissioned between 1976 and 1990, as TCG Atılay-II (S 347) (1976), TCG Saldıray-II (S 348) (1977), TCG Batıray (S 349) (1978), TCG Yıldıray-II (S 350) (1981), TCG Doğanay (S 351) (1984) and TCG Dolunay (S 352) (1989). They were followed by the four Preveze class submarines (Type 209T1/1400) which were laid down between 1993 and 1998, and commissioned between 1994 and 1999, as TCG Preveze-II (S 353) (1994), TCG Sakarya-II (S 354) (1995), TCG 18 Mart (S 355) (1998) and TCG Anafartalar (S 356) (1999). The last four submarines, classified as the Gür class (Type 209T2/1400) were laid down between 2002 and 2006, and commissioned as TCG Gür-III (S 357) (2003), TCG Çanakkale-II (S 358) (2005), TCG Burakreis-IV (S 359) (2006) and TCG II. İnönü-IV (S 360) (2007). At present, the Turkish Navy operates the largest fleet of German-designed submarines in the world. 1980s In 1983 two German-built Köln class frigates, namely TCG Gelibolu-II (D 360) and TCG Gemlik-II (D 361), joined the Turkish fleet. During the modernization programme of the Turkish fleet in the mid 1980s, the first MEKO class frigates, designed by the German shipbuilding company Blohm + Voss and built in Germany and Turkey, were acquired. Four Yavuz class frigates (MEKO 200TN Track I) were built; namely TCG Yavuz-II which was launched in 1985 and commissioned in 1987, TCG Turgut Reis-III and TCG Fatih which were launched in 1987 and commissioned in 1988, and TCG Yıldırım which was launched in 1988 and commissioned in 1989. 1990s to 2000s These were followed by the two Barbaros class frigates (MEKO 200TN Track IIA), of which TCG Barbaros was launched in 1993 and commissioned in 1997, and TCG Oruç Reis-III was launched in 1994 and commissioned in 1997. The final two ships are classified as the Salih Reis class frigates (MEKO 200TN Track IIB), of which TCG Salih Reis was launched in 1997 and commissioned in 1998, and TCG Kemal Reis-II was launched in 1998 and commissioned in 2000. These ships are equipped with the Mk.41 vertical launching system. In the early 1990s Turkey acquired eight U.S.-built Knox class frigates. TCG Muavenet-III, TCG Zafer-III, TCG Kocatepe-IV and TCG Adatepe-III were commissioned in 1993, while TCG Akdeniz, TCG Trakya, TCG Karadeniz and TCG Ege were commissioned in 1994. Five ships of this class have been decommissioned between 2001 and 2005. Currently only TCG Muavenet, TCG Zafer and TCG Karadeniz are still in active service. In the late 1990s Turkey acquired eight Oliver Hazard Perry (G class) frigates from the United States. TCG Gaziantep-II, TCG Giresun-II and TCG Gemlik-III were commissioned in 1998; TCG Gelibolu-III and TCG Gökçeada were commissioned in 1999; TCG Gediz was commissioned in 2000; TCG Gökova was commissioned in 2002; and TCG Göksu was commissioned in 2003. 2000s Between 2001 and 2003 a total of six French-built D'Estienne d'Orves class (B class) corvettes were acquired from France. TCG Bozcaada was commissioned in 2001; TCG Bodrum, TCG Bandırma, TCG Beykoz and TCG Bartın were commissioned in 2002; and TCG Bafra was commissioned in 2003. On 26 July 2005, construction works of the first Milgem class corvette, TCG Heybeliada, began at the Istanbul Naval Shipyard. A total of twelve Milgem class corvettes will be built for the Turkish Navy. Two additional Kılıç-II class fast attack missile boats and three additional A class mine hunters are currently under construction. Plans to build a total of four TF-2000 class AAW frigates, the acquisition of a Landing Platform Dock (LPD) and a total of six Type 214 AIP submarines were approved by the Turkish Ministry of Defense on 12 December 2006. The RfI issued for the LPD project states that the requirement is for one LPD carrying 4 Landing Craft Mechanics (LCM), 27 Amphibious Assault Vehicles (AAV), 2 Landing Craft Personnel Vehicles (LCPV), 1 Commander Boat and 1 Rubber Hull Inflated Boat (RHIB). The Turkish Navy also plans to acquire 2 new Tank Landing Ships (LST), 8 new Tank Landing Crafts (LCT), 16 new Offshore Patrol Vessels (OPV) with ASW capability, 2 new Rescue & Towing (R&T) ships,and 1 new Submarine Rescue Mother Ship (MOSHIP).  F-247 TCG KemalReis is a SalihReis (MEKO 200 TN II-B) class frigate of the Turkish Navy.  F-493 TCG Gelibolu is a G class (O.H. Perry) frigate of the Turkish Navy.  F-490 TCG Gaziantep is a G class (O.H. Perry) frigate of the Turkish Navy.  B class (Aviso) corvettes of the Turkish Navy at the port of İzmir. Structure
Officers Chief of the Turkish General Staff: General İlker Başbuğ
Marines and Special Forces The Turkish Navy maintains several Marines and Special Operations units. These include the Amphibious Marines Brigade (Amfibi Deniz Piyade Tugayı), several commando detachments and two special operations forces:
 A Type 209/1400 submarine of the Turkish Navy at the Bosporus in Istanbul.  Construction works of F-511 TCG Heybeliada, the lead ship of the twelve Milgem class next generation corvettes and frigates of the Turkish Navy. | |
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| 19-04-2009 | #6 (mesaj-linki) | |
| Turkish Gendarmerie Turkish Gendarmerie Jandarma Genel Komutanlığı  Badge of the Gendarmerie General Command The Turkish Gendarmerie (Turkish: Jandarma Genel Komutanlığı) (Gendarmerie General Command) is a branch of the Turkish Armed Forces and it is responsible for the maintenance of the public order in areas that fall outside the jurisdiction of police forces (generally in rural areas), as well as assuring internal security and general border control along with carrying out other specific duties assigned to it by certain laws and regulations. It is an armed security and law enforcement force of military nature. As a part of the Turkish Armed Forces, the General Command of the Gendarmerie is subordinate to the Turkish General Staff in matters relating to training and education in connection with the Armed Forces, and to the Ministry of Interior in matters relating to the performance of the safety and public order duties. The Commander of the Gendarmerie is responsible to the Ministry of Interior. Structure The Turkish Gendarmerie comprises the following commands:
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| 19-04-2009 | #7 (mesaj-linki) | |
| Turkish Coast Guard Turkish Coast Guard Sahil Güvenlik Komutanlığı  Seal of the Turkish Coast Guard Organization Affiliated with the Guarding Administration (Ottoman Turkish: Muhafaza Memurluğu), the Coast Guard was responsible in controlling the coasts and fighting smuggling. During peace time, the Coast Guard it is under the command of the Turkish Interior Ministry, however, during emergency and war time it falls under the command of the Turkish Navy. The coast guard is organized into four area commands: the Black Sea, the Sea of Marmara and adjacent straits, the Aegean Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea. With a personnel strength of about 1,100, the coast guard is responsible for maintaining the security of the coast and territorial waters, and in the Aegean Sea of which the boundaries are under dispute with Greece. The Coast guard is also responsible of search and rescue (SAR) operations, and for protecting the marine environment Surface patrols are carried out by 52 patrol vessels and smaller craft. The most effective of these are 14 search-and-rescue vessels (220 tons) of Turkish design. Smaller 150 ton and 70 ton patrol boats of German design were nearing obsolescence in the mid 1990s. An ambitious construction plan foresaw a major strengthening of the service with eight new vessels of 350 - 400 tons and 48 ships of 180 - 300 tons. Mission Coast Guard Command is a security service, established on 09 July 1982 by Act.2692, with the purpose of performing missions such as; providing the security of Turkish coasts, territorial waters and inland waters such as the Marmara Sea, Istanbul and Çanakkale Straits, ports and harbors and exercising such rights and powers where Turkey exercises sovereign rights under the rules of both national and international laws at sea areas which fall outside the scope of the general responsibility of the Turkish Naval Forces and to prevent and pursue all kinds of smuggling activities carried out by way of sea. The missions, Coast Guard Command was charged with by Act. 2692 are;
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| 06-08-2009 | #8 (mesaj-linki) | |
| Cvp: Turkish Army
to share .. thanks.  | |
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