[NoRanynn]

Events (July 24th)

• 1132 - Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily.
• 1216 - Cencio Savelli is consecrated as Pope Honorius III.
• 1411 - Battle of Harlaw, one of the bloodiest battles on Scottish soil.
• 1487 - Citizens of Leeuwarden, Netherlands strike against ban on foreign beer.
• 1534 - French explorer Jacques Cartier planted a cross on the Gaspé Peninsula and took possession of the territory in the name of the King Francis I of France.
• 1567 - Mary Queen of Scots is deposed and replaced by her 1 year old son James VI.
• 1701 - Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac founded trading post at Fort Pontchartrain, which later becomes the city of Detroit.
• 1814 - War of 1812: General Phineas Riall advances toward Niagara to halt Jacob Brown's American invaders.
• 1823 - Slavery is abolished in Chile
• 1832 - Benjamin Bonneville leads the first wagon train across the Rocky Mountains by using Wyoming's South Pass.
• 1847 - After 17 months of travel, Brigham Young leads 148 Mormon pioneers into Salt Lake Valley, resulting in the establishment of Salt Lake City. Celebrations of this event include the Pioneer Day Utah state holiday and the Days of '47 Parade.
• 1864 - American Civil War: Battle of Kernstown - Confederate General Jubal Early defeats Union troops led by General George Crook in an effort to keep Yankees out of the Shenandoah Valley.
• 1866 - Reconstruction: Tennessee becomes the first U.S. state to be readmitted to the Union following the American Civil War.
• 1901 - O. Henry is released from prison in Austin, Texas after serving three years for embezzlement from a bank.
• 1911 - Hiram Bingham III re-discovers Machu Picchu "the Lost City of the Incas".
• 1915 - Passenger ship Eastland capsizes in central Chicago, with the loss of 845 lives.
• 1923 - The Treaty of Lausanne, settling the boundaries of modern Turkey, is signed in Switzerland by Greece, Bulgaria and other countries that fought in the First World War.
• 1924 - The World Chess Federation FIDE is founded in Paris.
• 1927 - The Menin Gate war memorial is unveiled at Ypres.
• 1929 - The Kellogg-Briand Pact, renouncing war as an instrument of foreign policy, goes into effect (it was first signed in Paris on August 27, 1928 by most leading world powers).
• 1931 - A fire at a home for aged people in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania kills 48 people.
• 1935 - The world's first children's railway opens in Tbilisi, USSR.
• 1935 - The dust bowl heat wave reaches its peak, sending temperatures to 109°F (44°C) in Chicago and 104°F (40°C) in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
• 1937 - Alabama drops rape charges against the so-called "Scottsboro Boys."
• 1943 - World War II: Operation Gomorrah begins: British and Canadian aeroplanes bomb Hamburg by night, those of the Americans by day. By the end of the operation in November, 9,000 tons of explosives will have killed more than 30,000 people and destroyed 280,000 buildings.
• 1956 - At New York City's Copacabana Club, Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis perform their last comedy show together which started on July 25, 1946.
• 1956 - Khartoum University College is awarded university status becoming the University of Khartoum.
• 1959 - At the opening of the American National Exhibition in Moscow, US vice president Richard Nixon and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev have a "Kitchen Debate."
• 1964 - One criticality (nuclear) accident at Charlestown in Rhode Island (US), killing one. See List of civilian nuclear accidents.
• 1965 - Vietnam War: Four F-4C Phantoms escorting a bombing raid at Kang Chi are the targets of antiaircraft missiles in the first such attack against American planes in the war. One is shot down and the other three sustain damage.
• - Bob Dylan: release "Like a Rolling Stone"
• 1966 - Michael Pelkey made the first BASE jump from El Capitan along with Brian Schubert. Both came out with broken bones. BASE jumping is now been banned from El Cap.
• 1967 - During an official state visit to Canada, French President Charles de Gaulle declares to a crowd of over 100,000 in Montreal: Vive le Québec libre! (Long live free Quebec!). The statement, interpreted as support for Quebec independence, delighted many Quebecers but angered the Canadian government and many English Canadians.

• 1969 - Apollo program: Apollo 11 splashes down safely in the Pacific Ocean.
• 1974 - Watergate Scandal: The United States Supreme Court unanimously ruled that President Richard Nixon did not have the authority to withhold subpoenaed White House tapes and they order him to surrender the tapes to the Watergate special prosecutor.
• 1974 - After the Turkish invasion of Cyprus the Greek military junta collapses and democracy is restored.
• 1977 - End of a four day long Libyan-Egyptian War.
• 1979 - Carl Yastrzemski hits his 400th career home run off of Oakland A's Mike Morgan at Fenway Park.
• 1983 - George Brett, batting for the Kansas City Royals against the New York Yankees, has a game-winning home run nullified in the "Pine Tar Incident".
• 1985 - Gandhi signs peace contract with Sikh leader Harchand Singh Longowai
• 1988 - US & Jamacia play scoreless tie, in 2nd round of 1990 world soccer cup
• 1990 - Iraqi forces start massing on the Kuwait/Iraq border.
• 1991 - Government of India announces the New Industrial Policy, marking the start of India's economic reforms.
• 1998 - Russell Eugene Weston Jr. bursts into the United States Capitol and opens fire killing two police officers. He is later ruled to be incompetent to stand trial.
• 2001 - Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, the last Tsar of Bulgaria when he was a child, was sworn in as Prime Minister of Bulgaria, and became the only monarch in history to regain political power through democratic election to a different office.
• 2001 - The Taiwan Solidarity Union is established.
• 2001 - Larry A. Silverstein signs a $3.2 billion, 99-year lease on the entire World Trade Center complex, 7 weeks before the September 11, 2001 attacks .
• 2002 - James Traficant is expelled from the United States House of Representatives on a vote of 420 to 1.
• 2002 - Alfred Moisiu becomes President of Albania.
• 2005 - Lance Armstrong wins his seventh consecutive Tour de France.

[NoRanynn]

Events (July 25th)

• 306 - Constantine I proclaimed Roman emperor by his troops.
• 864 - Edict of Pistres of Charles the Bald orders defensive measures against the Vikings.
• 1261 - The city of Constantinople is recaptured by Nicaean forces under the command of Michael VIII Palaeologus, thus re-establishing the Byzantine Empire. The Byzantines also succeed in capturing Thessalonica and the rest of the Latin Empire.
• 1536 - Sebastián de Belalcázar on his search of El Dorado found the City of Santiago de Cali.
• 1547 - Henry II (France) crowned.
• 1567 - Don Diego de Losada founds the city of Santiago de Leon de Caracas, modern-day Caracas, the capital city of Venezuela.
• 1593 - Henry IV of France publicly converts from Protestantism to Roman Catholicism.
• 1603 - James VI of Scotland is crowned first king of Great Britain.
• 1693 - Ignacio de Maya founds the Real Santiago de las Sabinas, actual Sabinas Hidalgo, Nuevo León, México.
• 1722 - Three Years War begins along Maine and Massachusetts border.
• 1755 - The decision to deport the Acadians takes place in Halifax. Thousands of Acadians are sent to the British Colonies in America, France and England. Some later moved to Louisiana, while others later resettled in New Brunswick.
• 1758 - Seven Years' War: The island battery at Fortress Louisbourg in Nova Scotia is silenced and all French warships are destroyed or taken.
• 1759 - French and Indian War: In Western New York, British forces capture Fort Niagara from French, who subsequently abandon Fort Rouillé.
• 1792 - The Brunswick Manifesto is issued to the population of Paris promising vengeance if the French Royal Family is harmed.
• 1795 - The first stone of the Pontcysyllte Aqueduct is laid.
• 1797 - Horatio Nelson loses more than 300 men and his right arm during the failed conquest attempt of Tenerife Island (Spain).
• 1799 - At Aboukir in Egypt, Napoleon I of France defeats 10,000 Ottomans under Mustafa Pasha.
• 1814 - War of 1812: Battle of Lundy's Lane - Reinforcements arrive near Niagara Falls for General Riall's British and Canadian forces and a bloody, all-night battle with Jacob Brown's Americans commences at 18.00; Americans retreat to Fort Erie.
• 1824 - Costa Rica annexes Guanacaste from Nicaragua.
• 1837 - The first commercial use of an electric telegraph was successfully demonstrated by William Cooke and Charles Wheatstone on 25 July 1837 between Euston and Camden Town in London.
• 1853 - Joaquin Murietta, famous Californio bandit known as "Robin Hood of El Dorado", is killed.
• 1861 - American Civil War: The Crittenden-Johnson Resolution is passed by the U.S. Congress stating that the war is being fought to preserve the Union and not to end slavery.
• 1866 - The U.S. Congress passes legislation authorizing the rank of General of the Army (now called "5-star general"). Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant becomes the first to have this rank.
• 1868 - Wyoming becomes a United States territory.
• 1869 - The Japanese daimyō begin returning their land holdings to the emperor as part of the Meiji Restoration reforms. (Traditional Japanese Date: June 17, 1869).
• 1892 -Foundation of german football club Hertha BSC Berlin 1892.
• 1894 - The First Sino-Japanese War begins when the Japanese fire upon a Chinese warship.
• 1897 - Writer Jack London sails to join the Klondike Gold Rush where he will write his first successful stories.
• 1898 - The United States invasion of Puerto Rico begins with U.S. troops landing at harbor of Guánica, Puerto Rico [The land invasion, proper, began that day: Sea-based bombardment and shelling of the capital city of San Juan had been occurring since May of 1898].
• 1907 - Korea becomes a protectorate of Japan.
• 1908 - Ajinomoto is founded. Kikunae Ikeda of the Tokyo Imperial University discovers that a key ingredient in Konbu soup stock is monosodium glutamate (MSG), and patents a process for manufacturing it.
• 1909 - Louis Blériot makes the first flight across the English Channel in a heavier-than-air machine (Calais to Dover) in 37 minutes.
• 1917 - Sir Thomas Whyte introduces the first income tax in Canada as a "temporary" measure (lowest bracket is 4% and highest is 25%).
• 1920 - Telecommunications: First transatlantic two-way radio broadcast takes place.
• 1925 - Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (TASS) is established.
• 1934 - Nazis assassinate Austrian Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss in a failed coup attempt.
• 1939 - George, 2nd Earl Jellicoe first sat in Parliament.
• 1940 - General Guisan orders the Swiss Army to resist German invasion and make surrender illegal.
• 1943 - World War II: Benito Mussolini is forced out of office by his own Italian Grand Council and is replaced by Pietro Badoglio.
• 1944 - World War II: Operation Spring - One of the bloodiest days for Canadians during the war: 18,444 casualties, including 5,021 killed.
• 1946 - Operation Crossroads: An atomic bomb is detonated underwater in the lagoon of Bikini atoll.
• 1946 - At Club 500 in Atlantic City, New Jersey, Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis stage their first show as a comedy team.
• 1952 - The U.S. non-incorporated colonial territory of Puerto Rico adopts a "constitution" of local-limited powers, approved by the United States Congress in contravention of then-current International Law.[citation needed]
• 1953 - Merrie Melodies releases the cartoon Duck Dodgers in the 24½th Century, perhaps the most famous of the cartoons starring Daffy Duck as Duck Dodgers, Porky Pig, and Marvin The Martian.
• 1956 - 45 miles south of Nantucket Island, the Italian ocean liner SS Andrea Doria collides with the MS Stockholm in heavy fog and sinks the next day, killing 51.
• 1958 - The African Regroupment Party (PRA) holds its first congress in Cotonou.
• 1961 - John F. Kennedy speech emphasizes that any attack on Berlin is an attack on NATO.
• 1965 - The electric Dylan controversy starts at the Newport Folk Festival.
• 1969 - Vietnam War: US President Richard Nixon declares the Nixon Doctrine, stating that the United States now expects its Asian allies to take care of their own military defense. This was the start of the "Vietnamization" of the war.
• 1973 - Soviet Mars 5 space probe launched.
• 1976 - The first performance of the Philip Glass opera Einstein on the Beach is performed in Avignon, France.
• 1978 - The Cerro Maravilla Incident occurs.
• 1980 - Australian hard rock band AC/DC release the album Back in Black. This album goes on to be the 2nd best selling album in history.
• 1981 - Rugby game in Hamilton, New Zealand during the 1981 Springbok Tour is called off after anti-aparthied protesters invade the pitch.
• 1983 - Black July: 37 Tamil political prisoners at the Welikada high security prison in Colombo were massacred by the fellow Sinhalese prisoners.
• 1984 - Salyut 7 Cosmonaut Svetlana Savitskaya becomes the first woman to perform a space walk.
• 1993 - Israel launches a massive attack against Lebanon in what the Israelis call Operation Accountability, and the Lebanese call Seven-Day War.
• 1993 - The St James Church massacre occurs in Kenilworth, Cape Town, South Africa.
• 1994 - Israel and Jordan sign the Washington Declaration, which formally ends the state of war that has existed between the nations since 1948.
• 1995 - A gas bottle exploded in station Saint Michel of line B of the RER (Paris regional train network). Eight were killed and 80 wounded.
• 1997 - K.R. Narayanan is sworn-in as India's 10th president and the first Dalit— formerly called "untouchable"— to hold this office.
• 1998 - The United States Navy commissions the aircraft carrier USS Harry S. Truman and puts her into service.
• 1999 - Lance Armstrong wins his first Tour de France.
• 2000 - Air France Flight 4590, a Concorde supersonic passenger jet, F-BTSC, crashes just after takeoff from Paris killing all 109 aboard and 4 on the ground.

Events (July 26th)

• 657 - Battle of Siffin.
• 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine emperor Nicephorus I is slain, his heir Stauracius is seriously wounded.
• 920 - Rout of an alliance of Christian troops from Navarre and Léon against the Muslims at Pamplona.
• 1139 - Afonso, then a count, is proclaimed first king of Portugal and declares independence from Castile.
• 1309 - Henry VII is recognized King of the Romans by Pope Clement V.
• 1469 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Edgecote Moor - Pitting the forces of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick against those of King Edward IV.
• 1581 - Plakkaat van Verlatinghe (Oath of Abjuration). The declaration of independence of the northern Low Countries from the Spanish king, Philip II.
• 1775 - The birth of what would later become the United States Post Office Department was established by the Second Continental Congress.
• 1788 - New York ratifies the United States Constitution and becomes the 11th state of the United States.
• 1803 - The Surrey Iron Railway, arguably the world's first public railway, opens in south London.
• 1822 - José de San Martín arrives in Guayaquil, Ecuador, to meet with Simón Bolívar.
• 1847 - Liberia declares independence.
• 1861 - American Civil War: George B. McClellan assumes command of the Army of the Potomac following a disastrous Union defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run.
• 1863 - American Civil War: Morgan's Raid ends - At Salineville, Ohio, Confederate cavalry leader John Hunt Morgan and 360 of his volunteers are captured by Union forces.
• 1878 - In California, the poet and American West outlaw calling himself "Black Bart" makes his last clean getaway when he steals a safe box from a Wells Fargo stagecoach. The empty box will be found later with a taunting poem inside.
• 1882 - Premiere of Richard Wagner's Parsifal at Bayreuth.
• 1887 - L. L. Zamenhof publishes "Dr. Esperanto's International Language".
• 1891 - France annexes Tahiti.
• 1908 - United States Attorney General Charles Joseph Bonaparte issues an order to immediately staff the Office of the Chief Examiner (later renamed the Federal Bureau of Investigation).
• 1914 - Serbia and Bulgaria interrupt diplomatic relationship.
• 1934 - Assassination of Austrian Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss.
• 1936 - The Axis Powers decide to intervene in the Spanish Civil War.
• 1937 - End of the Battle of Brunete in the Spanish Civil War.
• 1941 - World War II: In response to the Japanese occupation of French Indo-China, US President Franklin D. Roosevelt orders the seizure of all Japanese assets in the United States.
• 1944 - World War II: Soviet army enters Lviv, major city of western Ukraine, liberating it from the Nazis. Only 300 Jewish survivors left, out of 160,000 Jews in Lviv prior to Nazi occupation.
• 1944 - The first German V-2 rocket hits Great Britain.
• 1945 - The Labour Party wins the United Kingdom general election of July 5 by a landslide, removing Winston Churchill from power.
• 1945 - The Potsdam Declaration is signed in Potsdam, Germany.
• 1947 - Cold War: U.S. President Harry S. Truman signs the National Security Act into United States law creating the Central Intelligence Agency, Department of Defense, Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the National Security Council.
• 1948 - U.S. President Harry S. Truman signs Executive Order 9981 desegregating the military of the United States.
• 1948 - André Marie becomes Prime Minister of France.
• 1952 - King Farouk of Egypt abdicates in favour of his son Fuad.
• 1953 - Fidel Castro leads an unsuccessful attack on the Moncada Barracks, thus beginning the Cuban Revolution.
• 1953 - Arizona Governor John Howard Pyle orders a law enforcement crackdown on Short Creek, Arizona, home to a polygamous sect of the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints.
• 1956 - Following the World Bank's decline to fund building the Aswan High Dam, Egyptian leader Gamal Nasser nationalises the Suez Canal sparking international condemnation.
• 1957 - Carlos Castillo Armas, dictator of Guatemala, is assassinated
• 1958 - Explorer program: Explorer 4 is launched.
• 1963 - Syncom 2, the world's first geosynchronous satellite, is launched from Cape Canaveral on a Delta B booster.
• 1963 - Earthquake in Skopje, Republic of Macedonia (formerly part of Yugoslavia) - 1100 dead
• 1963 - The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development votes to admit Japan.
• 1965 - Full independence was granted to the Maldives.
• 1966 - Lord Gardiner issues the Practice Statement in the House of Lords stating that the House is not bound to follow its own previous precedent.
• 1968 - Vietnam War: South Vietnamese opposition leader Truong Dinh Dzu is sentenced to five years hard labor for advocating the formation of a coalition government as a way to move toward an end to the war.
• 1971 - Apollo Program: Apollo 15 Mission - Launch of Apollo 15.
• 1974 - Greek Prime Minister Constantin Caramanlis forms the country's first civil government after seven years of military rule.
• 1975 - Formation of a military triumvirate in Portugal.
• 1977 - The National Assembly of Quebec imposes the use of French as the official language of the provincial government.
• 1989 - A federal grand jury indicts Cornell University student Robert T. Morris, Jr. for releasing the Morris worm, thus becoming the first person to be prosecuted under the 1986 Computer Fraud and Abuse Act.
• 1991 - Paul Reubens, ("Peewee Herman"), is arrested in a Sarasota, Florida theater for exposing himself.
• 1993 - Italian Democrazia Cristian changes its name to People's Party.
• 1994 - Russian President Boris Yeltsin orders the removal of Russian troops from Estonia.
• 1998 - Legislative elections in Cambodia
  STS-114 launch on July 26, 2005.
• 2005 - Space Shuttle program: STS-114 Mission - Launch of Discovery, NASA's first scheduled flight mission after the Columbia Disaster in 2003.
• 2005 - Mumbai, India receives 99.5cm of rain within 24 hours, bringing the city to a halt for over 2 days. (See: 2005 Maharashtra floods.)

Events (July 27th)

• 1214 - Battle of Bouvines: In France, Philip II of France defeats John of England.
• 1549 - Jesuit priest Francis Xavier's ship reached Japan.
• 1663 - The British Parliament passes the second Navigation Act requiring that all goods bound for the American colonies have to be sent in English ships from English ports.
• 1689 - Glorious Revolution: Battle of Killiecrankie ends.
• 1694 - A Royal Charter is granted to the Bank of England.
• 1720 - The second important victory of the Russian Navy - the Battle of Grengam.
• 1778 - American Revolution: First Battle of Ushant - British and French fleets fight to a standoff.
• 1789 - The first U.S. federal government agency, the Department of Foreign Affairs, is established (later renamed Department of State).
• 1794 - French Revolution: Maximilien Robespierre is arrested after encouraging the execution of more than 17,000 "enemies of the Revolution." (See 9 Thermidor.)
• 1819 - Duitama is named municipality
• 1865 - Welsh settlers arrive in Argentina at Chubut Valley.
• 1866 - The Atlantic Cable is successfully completed, allowing transatlantic telegraph communication for the first time.
• 1880 - Second Anglo-Afghan War: Battle of Maiwand - In a pyrrhic victory, Afghan forces led by Ayub Khan defeat the British Army in battle near Maiwand, Afghanistan.
• 1914 - Felix Manalo establishes the modern-day Iglesia ni Cristo religion by registering it with the Filipino government.
• 1921 - Researchers at the University of Toronto led by biochemist Frederick Banting announce the discovery of the hormone insulin.
• 1928 - Tich Freeman becomes only bowler ever to take 200 first-class wickets before end of July.
• 1940 - The animated short "A Wild Hare" is released, introducing the character of Bugs Bunny.
• 1941 - Japanese troops occupy French Indo-China.
• 1941 - Day of Anti-Fascist uprising of people of Bosnia and Herzegowina.
• 1949 - Initial flight of the de Havilland Comet, the first jet-powered airliner.
• 1953 - Korean War ends: The United States, People's Republic of China, and North Korea, sign an armistice agreement. Syngman Rhee, president of South Korea, refuses to sign but pledges to observe the armistice.
• 1955 - The Allied occupation of Austria stemming from World War II, ends (started on May 9, 1945).
• 1964 - Vietnam War: 5,000 more American military advisers are sent to South Vietnam bringing the total number of United States forces in Vietnam to 21,000.
• 1971 - Nabisco introduces the pop tart.
• 1974 - Watergate Scandal: The House of Representatives Judiciary Committee votes 27 to 11 to recommend the first article of impeachment against President Richard Nixon: obstruction of justice.
• 1976 - Former Japanese prime minister Kakuei Tanaka is arrested on suspicion of violating foreign exchange and foreign trade laws in connection with the Lockheed scandal.
• 1977 - Ipatiev House at Ekaterinburg, Russia, USSR is destroyed.
• 1981 - British television: On Coronation Street, Ken Barlow marries Deirdre Langton, which proves to be a national event, with massive viewer numbers earned for the show.
• 1983 - Black July: 18 Tamil political prisoners at the Welikada high security prison in Colombo were massacred by the Sinhalese prisoners, the second such massacre in two days.
• 1990 - The Supreme Soviet of the Belarusian Soviet Republic declares independence of Belarus from the Soviet Union. Until 1996 the day was celebrated as the Independence Day of Belarus; after a referendum held that year the celebration of independence was transferred to June 3.
• 1990 - The Jamaat al Muslimeen stage a coup d'état attempt in Trinidad and Tobago, occupying Parliament and the studios of Trinidad and Tobago Television, holding Prime Minister A. N. R. Robinson and most of his Cabinet, as well as the staff at the television station hostage for 6 days.
• 1990 - The last Citroën 2CV rolled off the production line at Mangualde, Portugal.
• 1995 - In Washington, DC, the Korean War Veterans Memorial is dedicated.
• 1996 - Centennial Olympic Park bombing: In Atlanta, Georgia, a pipe bomb explodes at Centennial Olympic Park during the 1996 Summer Olympics, killing one and injuring 111.
• 1996 - In Atlanta, Georgia, Canadian sprinter Donovan Bailey set the 100m world record of 9.84s +0.7 m/s wind during the 1996 Summer Olympics.
• 1997 - Si Zerrouk massacre in Algeria; about 50 people killed.
• 1997 - The Toronto Transit Commission opens its Spadina light rail transit line.
• 1999 - Twenty-one die in a canyoning disaster near Interlaken, Switzerland.
• 2002 - Ukraine airshow disaster: A Sukhoi Su-27 fighter crashes during an air show at Lviv, Ukraine killing 85 and injuring more than 100 others, the largest air show disaster in history.
• 2005 - STS-114: NASA grounds the Space shuttle, pending an investigation of the external tank's continued foam-shedding problem. During ascent, the external tank of the Space Shuttle Discovery sheds a piece of foam slightly smaller than the piece that caused the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster; this foam does not strike the spacecraft.
• 2006 - The Federal Republic of Germany is deemed guilty in the loss of Bashkirian 2937 and DHL Flight 611, because it is illegal to outsource flight surveillance.

[NoRanynn]

Events (July 28th)

• 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed on order from Henry VIII of England on charges of treason. Henry marries his fifth wife, Catherine Howard, on the same day.
• 1609 - Bermuda is first settled, by survivors of the English Sea Venture, en route to Virginia.
• 1794 - Maximilien Robespierre is guillotined in front of a cheering crowd, for sending thousands of others to a similar fate during the French Revolution.
• 1809 - Peninsular War: Battle of Talavera - Sir Arthur Wellesley's British, Portuguese and Spanish army defeats a French force under Joseph Bonaparte.
• 1821 - Peru: Jose de San Martin declares independence from Spain.
• 1864 - American Civil War: Battle of Ezra Church - The battle begins on this day when Confederate troops make a third unsuccessful attempt to drive Union forces from Atlanta, Georgia.
• 1866 - The Metric Act of 1866 becomes law and legalizes the standardization of weights and measures in the United States.
• 1873 - The Japanese government implements land and tax reform as part of the Meiji Restoration reforms.
• 1878 - Great Britain's William Gowland becomes the first non-Japanese to reach Yarigatake peak (3,180 meters), and he names the mountain the Japanese Alps, a name that is eventually used to refer to the entire mountain range.
• 1896 - The City of Miami is incorporated.
• 1914 - World War I begins: Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia after it failed to meet the conditions of an ultimatum it set on July 23 following the killing of Archduke Francis Ferdinand by a Serbian assassin. This event leads to the outbreak of war.
• 1932 - US President Herbert Hoover orders the United States Army to forcibly evict the "Bonus Army" of World War I veterans gathered in Washington, DC.
• 1942 - World War II: USSR leader Joseph Stalin issues Order No. 227 in response to alarming German advances into Russia. Under the order all those who retreat or otherwise leave their positions without orders to do so will be immediately killed.
• 1943 - World War II: Operation Gomorrah - The British bomb Hamburg causing a firestorm that kills 42,000 German civilians.
• 1945 - A US Army B-25 bomber accidentally crashes into the 79th floor of the Empire State Building killing 14 injuring 26.
• 1955 - The Union Mundial pro Interlingua is founded at the first Interlingua congress in Tours, France.
• 1958 - Lord Jellicoe makes his maiden speech in the House of Lords.
• 1965 - Vietnam War: US President Lyndon B. Johnson announces his order to increase the number of United States troops in South Vietnam from 75,000 to 125,000.
• 1976 - The Tangshan earthquake measuring between 7.8 and 8.2 magnitude flattens Tangshan, the People's Republic of China, killing 242,769 and injuring 164,851.
• 1994 - Pitcher Kenny Rogers of the Texas Rangers throws a perfect game against the California Angels in a 4-0 win at The Ballpark in Arlington.
• 1996 - Kennewick Man, the remains of a prehistoric man, was discovered near Kennewick, Washington.
• 1997 - Guatemala becomes a member of the Berne Convention copyright treaty.
• 2002 - Nine coal miners trapped in the flooded Quecreek Mine in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, were rescued after 77 hours underground.
• 2005 - The Provisional Irish Republican Army (The PIRA) call an end to their thirty year long armed campaign in Northern Ireland.
• 2005 - A tornado touches down in a residential area in south Birmingham, England, causing £4,000,000 worth of damages and injuring 39 people.

[Miriel]

Events (January 6th )

• 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England.
• 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King of the Romans.
• 1449 - Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI is crowned at Mistra.
• 1494 - The first Mass in the New World is celebrated at La Isabela, Hispaniola.
• 1540 - King Henry VIII of England marries Anne of Cleves
• 1579 - The Union of Atrecht is signed.
• 1649 - The Rump Parliament votes to put Charles I on trial
• 1661 - The Fifth Monarchists unsuccessfully attempt to seize control of London.
• 1690 - Joseph, son of Emperor Leopold I, becomes King of the Romans.
• 1720 - The Committee of Inquiry on the South Sea Bubble publishes its findings.
• 1781 - In the Battle of Jersey on 6 January the British defeat the last attempt by France to invade Jersey.
• 1806 - Horatio Nelson is laid to rest in Saint Paul's Cathedral in London
• 1838 - Samuel Morse first successfully tests the electrical telegraph.
• 1853 - American President-Elect Franklin Pierce and family are involved in a train wreck near Andover, Massachusetts.
• 1870 - The inauguration of the Musikverein (Vienna).
• 1887 - `Abd-allah II of Harar opens the Battle of Chelenqo with an attack on the camp of the Shewan army of Negus Menelik II.
• 1893 - Washington National Cathedral is chartered by Congress. The charter is signed by President Benjamin Harrison.
• 1900 - Boers attack Ladysmith, South Africa - over 1,000 people killed
• 1907 - Maria Montessori opens her first school and daycare center for working class children in Rome.
• 1912 - New Mexico is admitted as the 47th U.S. state.
• 1929 - King Alexander of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes suspends his country's constitution (the so-called January 6th Dictatorship, Šestojanuarska diktatura.)
• 1929 - Mother Teresa arrives in Calcutta to begin a her work amongst India's poorest and diseased people
• 1930 - The first diesel-engine automobile trip is completed (from Indianapolis, Indiana, to New York City).
• 1931 - Thomas Edison submits his last patent application.
• 1936 - The Supreme Court of the United States rules that the 1933 Agricultural Adjustment Act unconstitutional in the case United States v. Butler et al..
• 1940 - Mass execution of Poles, committed by Germans in the city of Poznań, Warthegau.
• 1941 - Franklin Delano Roosevelt delivers his Four Freedoms Speech in the State of the Union Address.
• 1941 - Keel of USS Missouri (BB-63) is laid at New York Navy Yard in Brooklyn
• 1942 - Pan American Airlines becomes the first commercial airline to schedule a flight around the world.
• 1950 - The United Kingdom recognizes the People's Republic of China. The Republic of China severs diplomatic relations with the UK in response.
• 1961 - A fire at the Thomas Hotel in San Francisco kills 20 people.
• 1967 - United States Marine Corps and ARVN troops launch "Operation Deckhouse Five" in the Mekong River delta.
• 1974 - In response to the energy crisis, daylight saving time commences nearly four months early in the United States.
• 1977 - The music publisher EMI ends its contract with the notorious punk rock group the Sex Pistols after reports of abusive behaviour at Heathrow Airport, London.
• 1978 - The Crown of St. Stephen (also known as the Holy Crown of Hungary) is returned to Hungary from the United States, where it was held after the Second World War.
• 1994 - Nancy Kerrigan is clubbed on the right leg by an assailant under orders from figure skating rival Tonya Harding.
• 1995 - A chemical fire in an apartment complex in Manila, Philippines, leads to the discovery of plans for Project Bojinka, a mass-terrorist attack.
• 2004 - Jaya Bharata Jananiya Tanujate is declared the official anthem of Karnataka
• 2004 - Costas Simitis announces his resignation as president of the Panhellenic Socialist Movement in Greece.
• 2005 - Mississippi Civil Rights Workers Murders: Edgar Ray Killen is arrested as a suspect for the 1964 murders of three Civil Rights workers.
• 2005 - First World Congress of Imams and Rabbis for Peace begins in Brussels, Belgium.
• 2006 - Tropical Storm Zeta (2005) dissipates, ending the notorious 2005 hurricane season.

[Misafir]

May 4 2008: Remembrance of the Dead in the Netherlands; Greenery Day in Japan

• 1493 – Pope Alexander VI issued the papal bull Inter caetera, establishing a Line of Demarcation dividing the New World between Spain and Portugal.
• 1855 – American adventurer William Walker (pictured) and a group of mercenaries sailed from San Francisco to conquer Nicaragua.
• 1886 – An unknown assailant threw a bomb into a crowd of police, turning a peaceful labor rally in Chicago into the Haymarket massacre, resulting in the deaths of seven police officers and an unknown number of civilians.
• 1942 – World War II: The Imperial Japanese Navy engaged Allied naval forces at the Battle of the Coral Sea, the first fleet action in which aircraft carriers engaged each other, and the first naval battle in history in which neither side's ships sighted or fired directly upon the other.
• 1979 – Margaret Thatcher became the first female Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
• 1990 – The Supreme Soviet of the Latvian SSR declared the restoration of independence of Latvia, stating that the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and the Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940 were illegal.